Role of Condensed Tannins in the Antioxidant Activity of Seeds of Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. (Malvaceae)

Background: Native to West Africa, Cola nitida is a tropical tree of about 8-12 in height that grows in lowland rainforest. This plant is best known in Africa for its seeds, used in phytotherapy but for their socio-cultural importance. Aims/Objective: This study investigated the antioxidant activity of condensed tannins of Cola nitida seeds by carrying out two antioxidant tests (DPPH and FRAP). Methods: From a hydro-ethanolic extract of Cola nitida seeds, two samples were made. One treated with casein (EC) and another one without treatment (EWC). The researsh of condensed tannins were carried out by precipitation with Stiasny reagent. The total polyphenol and tannin contents were evaluated by the Folin-Denis method and the antioxidant power by DPPH and FRAP tests. Results: Extract without treatment (EWC) showed more antioxidant activity than the extract treated with casein (EC). Thus, the IC50 of EWC which contains condensed tannins was 5.54±0.005 µg/ml, while that of EC (without condensed tannins) reached 61.92±0.165 µg/ml. Conclusion: Cola nitida seeds are rich in condensed tannins that play an important role in the antioxidant activity.

Biology of the Reproduction of Mugilidae Neochelon falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836) in the Protected Marine Area of Niamone-Kalounayes (Casamance Estuary)

The reproduction of Neochelon falcipinnis was studied in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Niamone-Kalounayes located in the Casamance estuary (Senegal) from July 2021 to June 2022. The results of this study are presented after twelve (12) months of experimental seine fishing. Reproductive parameters such as length-weight relationship, condition factor (K), sex ratio (SR), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and size at first maturity (Lm50) were determined. A total of 386 individuals (150 males, 221 females and 15 of undetermined sex) were sampled. The sex ratio was in favour of females (0.68 or 1:1.47). The length-weight relationship showed a minor allometric growth with allometric coefficient b values of 2.70 for both sexes combined, 2.60 for males and 2.79 for females. The ANOVA test showed no significant difference in condition factor in males (P > 0.05). In contrast, in females, there was a significant difference at the beginning of the cold season (P < 0.05). The monthly change in gonadosomatic index associated with the different stages of sexual maturity indicated a breeding period in the dry season (May, June and July). Peaks of sexual maturity are observed in June for both sexes. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 18 cm for males and 19 cm for females. These results, obtained provide information on the reproduction of Neochelon falcipinnis that can help in decision-making for better management of the resource.

Phospholipase A2 Inhibition and Antiinflammatory Activity of F4 Fraction of Total Ethereal Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae)

Annona senegalensis Pers. (ANNONACEAE) is a plant which is used in african traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of total ethereal leaf extract fractions of A. senegalensis. Compounds of methanolic fractions of ethereal leaf extract of A. senegalensis were separated by gel sephadex chromatography, in five fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5). Experiments were performed in acetic acid-induced contortions in mice, carrageenan rat paw edema and phospholipase A2 inhibitory test. The methanolic fraction of total ethereal leaf extract (10 mg/kg, per os) significantly prevented the carrageenan inflammatory edema. The variation of edema is 22.31±3.35 %, 49.66±13.50 %, 52.10±10.02 % respectively at T1h, T3h and T5h. The increased edema after oral administration of F4 fraction administered at 300 µg/kg and 1 mg/kg per os is respectively 52.77±7.36 % and 33.81±6.94 %. The variation of edema in betamethasone group (1 mg/kg, per os) is 23.46±3.99 %. F4 fraction at 300 µg/kg, significantly inhibited 16.39 % of phospholipase A2 enzyme activity. F4 fraction (300 µg/kg, per os) also significantly prevented acetic acid-induced pain in mice. The number of abdominal contortions is 21 versus 72 in control group. F4 fraction compounds have a powerful analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity that involves phospholipase A2 inhibition, comparable to betamethasone profile on pain and inflammation.

Developpement d'une matrice ethylcellulose/eudragitr pour la liberation controlee et continue de l'insuline

But : Le diabete de type I est une maladie chronique necessitant des prises repetees d'insuline toute une vie durant par voie parenterale. Ce mode d'administration en plus d'etre traumatisant peut poser un probleme d'observance du traitement chez le patient. Dans le souci de pallier ces difficultes; nous avons envisage le developpement d'une matrice ethylcellulose/eudragitr susceptible de faciliter la mise au point d'un systeme therapeutique transdermique de liberation controlee (STTLC) de l'insuline. Materiel et methode : Comme principe actif nous avons utilise de l'insuline humaine anhydre Actrapidr HM des laboratoires Novo Nordisk; les excipients sont l'ethylcellulose; les Eudragitr RS 100 et le butylphtalate. Nous avons elabore deux matrices Ethylcellulose/Eudragit dans les rapports 1 : 1 et 2 : 1 dans lesquels sont incorporees differentes proportions d'insuline. Resultats : L'etude de la liberation de l'insuline en milieu tampon phosphate a pH 7;4 a montre une liberation continue avec des profils fortement dependants du rapport Ethylcellulose/Eudragit et de la charge initiale en insuline. Conclusion : Cette etude a montre que la matrice Ethylcellulose/Eudragit se prete a la mise au point d'un systeme a liberation controlee d'insuline. Ceci nous permet d'envisager pour la poursuite de notre travail l'association de cette matrice avec d'autres elements pour la realisation d'un STTLC de l'insuline

Arthroplastie totale de hanche dans l'osteonecrose aseptique du drepanocytaire au Senegal : serie de 48 protheses

Trente-huit patients drepanocytaires presentant une osteonecrose aseptique de la tete femorale ont beneficie d'une arthroplastie totale de la hanche sur une periode de 7 ans; soit une serie consecutive de 48 protheses cimentees. Avec un recul moyen de 5 ans; l'arthroplastie a permis d'obtenir dans 64des cas une fonction normale (score PMA = 18); et dans 32des cas un PMA superieur a 15. Le gain sur la douleur etait tres important puisque l'indolence a ete obtenue dans plus de 94des cas; de meme que sur la marche car 85des patients n'avaient pas de limitation du perimetre de marche. Sur le plan radiologique; 36des cupules et 29des tiges presentaient des liseres. Les complications ont ete retrouvees chez 19des patients; dominees par les descellements et les luxations. Les resultats fonctionnels obtenus dans la serie; avec un taux de complication important mais qui reste inferieur a ceux deja publies dans la litterature pour cette pathologie; incitent a retenir l'arthroplastie comme traitement de choix de l'osteonecrose aseptique du drepanocytaire au stade 3 et 4 du sujet jeune. Ils amenent a discuter le choix de l'implant; et du couple de frottement

O exercicio de final de semana contribui para o controle das dislipidemias em ratos adultos machos alimentados com dieta rica em gorduras / The weekend exercise contribute to the control in the hiperlipidaemias in adults male rates feeding with lipids diet

Sabe-se que o sedentarismo, associado a uma dieta nao balanceada tem grande importancia para o desenvolvimento de doencas cronico degenerativas. Por outro lado, o exercicio fisico tem sido um meio utilizado para o controle dessas doencas. Entretanto, pouco foi relatado sobre efeitos do exercicio de final de semana nocontrole das dislipidemias. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar respostas adaptativas ao exercicio de final de semana sobre o metabolismo das lipoproteinas em ratos machos alimentados com dieta hiperlipidica. Foram divididos em grupos 96 ratos machos adultos: dieta normocalorica (N) e hipercalorica (H), sedentario (S), treinado continuo (TC) e treinado de fim de semana (TFS), 5 e 2 sessoes semanais/90minutos/dia, respectivamente, por natacao. Durante todo o periodo experimental foram controlados: o peso e o consumo alimentar em gramas. Foram coletados, pesados e congelados o plasma (P), os tecidos adiposos barncos retropeitoneal (RET) e epididimal (EPI), tecido adiposo marron (TAM), musculo gastrocnemio (GAST), figado (FIG) e coracao (COR), para posteriores analises. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p<-0,05 a partir da analise de variancia `Anova Tree Way`. O treinamento de final de semana promoveu diminuicao significativa nos triglicerideos plasmaticos em animais hipercaloricos (SH 180,7+-13,9 vs TFSH97,2+-8,3). Os dois tipos de treinamento foram importantes no controle das dislipidemias em ratos alimentados com dieta hipercalorica, sendo observado aumento na concentracao de HDL colesterol em relacao aos respectivos animais sedentarios (SH 26,5+-2,0 vs TCH 35,7+-6,2 e TFSH 37,1+-1,2)

Studies on the biology of schistosomiasis with emphasis on the Senegal river basin

The construction of the Diama dam on the Senegal river, the Manantali dam on the Bafing river, Mali and the ensuing ecological changes have led to a massive outbreak of Schistosoma mansoni in Northern Senegal, associated with high intensity of infections, due to intense transmission, and the creation of new foci of S. haematobium. Data on the vectorial capacity of Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Ndombo, near Richard Toll, Senegal are presented with sympatric and allopatric (Cameroon) S. mansoni. Comparisons are made on infectivity, cercarial production, chronobiology of cercarial emergence and longevity of infected snails. Recent data on the intermediate host specificity of different isolates of S. haematobium from the Lower and Middle Valley of the Senegal river basin (SRB) demonstrate the existence of at least two strains of S. haematobium. The role of Bulinus truncatus in the transmission of S. haematobium in the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB is reviewed. Both S. haematobium and S. mansoni are transmitted in the same foci in some areas of the SRB